Annual Chart
The annual chart of the number of research articles (32)
Type of Journals
Chart Conventions
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- Grade A
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Scientific Research Articles:
2017
1. The impact of selected games on health dimensions of secondary school students from the perspective of physical education teachers in Kerman province
Journal of sport science and Educational Applied Researches without borders
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of selected games on the health aspects of secondary school students from the perspective of physical education teachers in Kerman province. The research method was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population included 140 physical education teachers in Kerman province, and the statistical sample was selected as a whole. The research tool was the questionnaire of Attarzadeh (2014). To analyze the data, one-sample t-test and repeated analysis of variance were used in spss 24 to analyze the hypotheses. The results showed that the selected games have a significant effect (0.05) on all five components of students' health. Also, in the pairwise comparison, there is a significant difference between the dimensions of health and only between the dimensions of health and safety characteristics and physical dimensions; No significant difference was observed between physical dimensions and psychological characteristics.
2023
2. Evaluation of the Design of Websites of Private Sports Clubs in Iran Based on WEB-QEM
Innovation in Sports Management
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the design of websites of private sports clubs in Iran based on the WEB-QEM method. The present research method was descriptive. The statistical population included the websites of Iran's private sports clubs with a total of 20 websites. The Web-QEM model checklist was used by Olsina et al. (1999) as a research tool. Offline and online software were used to implement and analyze the components of this survey. The results showed that the usability measure with an average (0.2215) shows that 45% of the websites are in an average condition, the performance measure with an average (0.0656) shows that 55% of the websites are in a very unfavorable condition. The reliability criterion with an average (0.0620) shows that 25% of the websites are in an average condition and 25% are in an optimal condition, and the efficiency criterion with an average of (0.1260) shows that 50% of the websites are in an optimal condition. Finally, the Web-QEM method in evaluating the websites of Iran's private sports clubs with an average (0.1188) jointly showed 35% in an unfavorable situation and 35% in an average situation. The lowest score was obtained by the Synergy Club website (0.02 points) and the highest score by the two websites of the Future Builders Club (0.74 points) in the Web-QEM method. Considering the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of these websites in design, it is suggested to update and fix the current problems.
2023
3. Determining the Status of Physical Education Curriculum Planning Levels in Elementary Schools based on Eisner's Triple Model
Curriculum Development and Educational Planning Research
The purpose of this research was to determine the status of physical education curriculum planning levels based on Eisner's triple model. The research tool included a questionnaire designed based on Sheikhi's (1388 questionnaire) and the book of the elementary school physical education teacher. The results showed: 1) There is a significant positive difference (P<0.05) between the explicit dimension of the physical education curriculum in primary schools with the criterion score of 3. 2) There is a significant positive difference (P<0.05) between the hidden dimension of physical education curriculum in elementary schools with the score of criterion 3. 3) There is a significant positive difference (P<0.05) between the absurd dimension of the physical education curriculum in primary schools with the criterion score of 3. 4) There is a significant positive difference (P<0.05) between the levels of physical education curriculum in elementary schools with the criterion score of 3. There is a significant positive difference (P<0.05) between the explicit, hidden and abstract aspects of physical education curriculum in primary schools with criterion score of 3. The biggest difference (-0.649) was observed between the overt curriculum and the hidden curriculum, and the smallest difference (-0.275) was observed between the hidden curriculum and the absurd curriculum.
2024
4. Evaluate and compare the design of private sports clubs’ websites in Iran based on two models of WEB-QEM and WAI
Knowledge Management in Sport Journal
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the design of private sports clubs’ websites in Iran based on two models of WEB-QEM and WAI. The statistical population of the present study included the websites of private sports clubs in Iran, which were 20 official websites that were searched by Google Map tool and the keyword “private sports club”. The research tool was two checklists of WEB-QEM model by Olsina and colleagues (1999) and checklist of WAI model by Marincas (2007) and offline and online analysis software’s. The results showed that the WEB-QEM method in evaluating the design of private sports clubs’ websites in Iran with an average of (0.1188) jointly showed 35% in an unfavorable situation and 35% also in a moderate situation and in the WAI method in evaluating the design of private sports clubs’ websites in Iran with an average of (8.54) jointly showed 35% in an unfavorable situation and 35% also in a moderate situation. The results indicate that the design of private sports clubs’ websites in Iran is not suitable and needs to be improved and upgraded in terms of infrastructure and optimization of website design.
2024
5. Comparative study of webometric indicators of fitness and recreational sports clubs in Iran and England (selected clubs under study)
New Approaches in Sports Management
The purpose of the present study was to conduct a comparative investigation on the quality of website design of selected Iranian and English recreational and fitness sports clubs based on the web assessment index method. The present research method was descriptive and application-oriented based on the research purpose. The statistical population comprised 40 official websites of selected Iranian and English recreational and fitness sports clubs which were identified using Google Maps tools and advanced settings (specifying geographic location to search for the keywords) as well as the keyword of “private sports club” in Iran and England. The research tool included the Marincas and Woltur (2007) Web Assessment Index checklist containing 5 main indices of accessibility, navigability, speed, reliability, content, and online/offline standard software used in this method. The findings indicate that there is a significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the scores of sports clubs' websites in Iran and England based on the 100 points of web assessment of sports clubs’ websites. Also, the quality of Iranian sports clubs' websites design is assessed as 5 percent very unfavorable, 35 percent unfavorable, 35 percent average, and 25 percent favorable. While 50 percent of English sports clubs’ websites are favorable, 30 percent very favorable, 10 percent average, and 10 percent unfavorable. Ultimately, the quality of English sports clubs’ websites was by far superior to Iran’s. Therefore, to improve the quality of their websites design and customer satisfaction, Iranian sports clubs need to benefit from prevailing patterns and standards in successful English sports clubs' websites. Also, it is necessary for sports clubs’ managers and experts to participate in web design training courses in order to design and launch websites based on up-to-date standards and customers' expectations.
2024
6. A comparative study of the design quality of the websites of private sports clubs in Iran and Germany based on the Web Assessment Index method
Human Resources Excellence
The purpose of the current research was to study the comparative quality of the design of the websites of private sports clubs in Iran and Germany based on the Web Assessment Index method. The present research method is based on the descriptive nature which was based on the objective of the applied type. The statistical population of the websites of private sports clubs in Iran and Germany was a total of 40 official websites that were selected by the Google Map tool and its advanced settings (selecting a location for keyword search) and the keyword "private sports club" in Iran and in Germany. For evaluation, the research tool included the checklist of the Web Assessment Index model of Marincas and Vultur (2007) and standard offline and online software’s in this field, and for comparative comparison, paired t-test was used in SPSS26. The results showed that the design quality of Iranian sports clubs’ websites is 35% in unfavorable condition and 35% in average condition, and also 50% of German sports clubs’ websites are in favorable condition and 30% are in average condition. Finally, the design quality of German websites was much better than of Iranians’ Websites.
2024
7. Evaluation of the elementary school physical education curriculum According to the Seven Eisner Model
Quarterly Journal of Transcendent Education
The purpose of this study was evaluation physical education curriculum of elementary school according to the Seven Eisner model. The research method was descriptive and survey that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study included all physical education teachers in Kerman, 342 people, which was selected as a statistical sample based on Morgan table, 181 people. The research measurement tools included a curriculum evaluation questionnaire according to the Eisner seven-point model, which was based on the objectives of the curriculum and the table of elementary school curriculum approved by the 852 Higher Education Council (2011), the book of physical education teacher (2010) and the standard questionnaire of Sheikhi Hidden Curriculum (2009) was designed. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were 0.903 and 0.776, respectively. Findings showed that the elementary physical education curriculum is in a relatively good condition and its dimensions include the objectives of the elementary physical education curriculum in a relatively good condition, the content of the elementary physical education curriculum in a moderately favorable condition, learning opportunities Elementary Physical Education Curriculum in Optimal Condition, Organizing Content of Elementary Physical Education Curriculum in Intermediate Situation, Evaluation in Elementary Physical Education Curriculum in Intermediate to Favorable Condition, Presentation Method in Elementary Physical Education Curriculum in Intermediate Condition and Method Answers in the elementary school physical education curriculum are in a moderate to weak state.
2024
8. Compilation of a model for the development of female's sport-for-all in Kerman province
Research on Women's Sport
The main purpose of the current research was to compilate a model for the development of female's sport for all in Kerman province. In this research, the research method was qualitative in the grounded theory way. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The research population included 23 people from general sports specialists of Kerman province. The sampling method was purposeful and the research sample was 11 people considering reaching theoretical saturation. The strategy of Strauss and Corbin (2013) was used for data analysis. The findings showed that 165 initial codes were identified from the interviews. Basic concepts were 15 codes, obstacles were 35 codes, comparison with countries were 19 codes, motivators were 11 codes, situational analysis was 26 codes, strategies were 32 codes, and solutions were 27 codes. In the following categories, causal conditions including 6 codes, background conditions including 3 codes, intervening conditions including 6 items, strategies including 3 codes and consequences including 5 codes were classified. As a result, it was found that most of the development factors are not related to the women themselves, but by facilitating environmental factors and solving the obstacles, women will easily choose and engage in sport-for-all in their free time.
2024
9. Designing the index model for compiling and evaluating the websites of Iran's private sports clubs
Sport Science Quarterly Jahesh
Objective: The purpose of this research is to design the index model for compiling and evaluating the websites of Iran's private sports clubs. Methods: The research method is qualitative and with thematic analysis approach. The statistical population of this research is in two parts: library (articles, websites of private clubs in Iran, England, Germany and Spain) and field (interviews with experts such as university professors specialized in the field of sports media (doing at least two researches), there were sports club website design specialists (with experience of more than 5 club websites) and managers of private sports clubs (with experience of more than 5 years) who were selected by purposive sampling method. The tool is based on credibility. The legal and scientific sample, expert opinion and agreement between the proofreaders were evaluated and confirmed. Results: The results of the analysis and interpretation of the expert interview showed that 9 main criteria (structure, usability, multimedia, reliability, performance, efficiency, content, SEO and miscellaneous features), 17 sub-criteria and 63 sub-criteria were identified for the design and evaluation model of sports club websites. Conclusions: Therefore, the managers of private sports clubs should pay the most attention to improving the management system and improving the evaluation of their sports club websites in order to achieve proper career success in their business.
2024
10. Qualitative analysis of factors affecting the development of Badminton in Kerman Province
Journal of Sport Management Knowledge
The overall objective of the current research was to qualitative analyze the factors affecting the development of badminton in Kerman Province using the thematic analysis process. The current research method is qualitative and practical from the point of view of the objective, and it was conducted in the field using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the current research included all players, coaches, officials, veterans of badminton sport in Kerman province, according to the report of the provincial badminton board, there were 120 people. The sampling method was theoretical. Theme analysis was used in MAXQDA2020 software to identify and classify sub- and main themes. The findings showed that 24 sub-themes of the subcategory of 7 main factors: 1-managerial factor (management structures at macro and micro levels, management policies, evaluation, coordination, planning), 2-financial factor (solving financial problems, budget allocation, attracting sponsors, welfare facilities), 3-infrastructure factor (equipment and facilities, construction of sports facilities, maintenance), 4-educational factor (education and training of expert and skilled trainers), 5-factor Championship (honoring heroes and veterans, holding provincial and national championships, elitism), 6-media factor (advertising, news coverage, information and introduction) and 7-cultural and social factor (creating culture, raising awareness, promoting sports culture, creating motivation) encouraging families); The development factors of badminton sport in Kerman province. The results of the research show that the development of badminton in Kerman requires a comprehensive plan with stakeholder participation, infrastructure improvement, education, culture building, and continuous monitoring to lead to sustainable growth of this discipline through management, financial, and media solutions.
2024
11. Creating and setting up a questionnaire with an exploratory approach to evaluate immersive websites among professors and doctoral students of physical education
Positive behavior in educational organizations
Background and Aim: The purpose of the current research was to prepare and set up a questionnaire to evaluate immersive websites among professors and doctoral students of physical education with an exploratory approach. Methods: The current research method was exploratory. The statistical population included professors and doctoral students of physical education in Kerman province. The research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire of immersive characteristics and two standard questionnaires of attendance by Kim and Bioka (1997) and the short flow scale of Reinberg et al. (2023). The statistical methods used in this research were Cronbach's alpha test, Spearman's correlation coefficient and exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation using SPSS version 27 software. Results: The findings showed that the seven extracted factors explain more than 62% of the variances. It also shows that web immersion may be divided into three dimensions: perceptual immersion, practical immersion, and cognitive immersion. All in all, a suitable validity and reliability was obtained for this questionnaire, which indicates the appropriateness of this tool for scientific and practical purposes. Conclusion: The final questionnaire has the ability to be used by different researchers due to the strength of the factor structure and suitable psychometric properties.
2025
12. Evaluation and comparative comparison of the state of sports Internet services in the last 10 years
Sport Science Quarterly Jahesh
Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate and comparatively analyze the status of internet sports services over the past 10 years. Methods: The research method was descriptive-comparative and applied in nature, conducted through field research. The statistical population comprised 65 physical education doctoral students in Kerman Province. The measurement tool was a 39-question Korooki questionnaire (2015). Data analysis was performed using one-sample and paired t-tests in SPSS version 27. Results: The findings revealed statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between internet service dimensions compared to the standard score. The evaluation of internet services showed favorable educational services, slightly weak communication services, information services approaching excellence, average marketing services, and research services approaching excellence. Overall, internet services in the sports domain were assessed as approaching excellent. Comparative results demonstrated a significant difference at the 0.05 level between past and present internet sports services. The comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences in educational, information, marketing, and research services between 10 years ago and today, while no significant difference was observed in communication services. Conclusions: Information and communication technology has fundamentally transformed communication and knowledge access, playing a crucial role in educational, research, economic, and social advancements. The internet, as a powerful tool, has facilitated community development by simplifying knowledge transfer and increasing service speed, creating a new lifestyle. This technology not only improves individual and social life quality but also creates novel opportunities for progress and sustainable development.
2025
13. The effect of isolation and forgetfulness of physical education teachers on emotional exhaustion with the mediation of occupational stress
Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of isolation and forgetfulness of physical education teachers on emotional exhaustion with the mediation of occupational stress. The current research method was descriptive and applied in terms of purpose, which was carried out in the field. The data of this research was collected in the field and using a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research was middle school sports teachers in Tehran, and using Morgan's table, 384 were considered and the sampling method was done in a convenient way. In this research, to test the model and research hypotheses, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used in SPSS and SmartPLS software for data analysis. The results showed that isolation and forgetfulness have a positive effect on the emotional exhaustion of sports teachers in Tehran. Also, isolation and forgetfulness have a positive effect on the occupational stress of physical education teachers in Tehran. Also, the mediating role of occupational stress has a positive effect on isolation and forgetfulness and emotional exhaustion of sports teachers in Tehran, so occupational stress has played a mediating role in this regard. Emotional exhaustion may reduce their ability to solve problems and make decisions in difficult situations. This can lead to an increase in job stress and an increase in the amount of unfinished work. Therefore, organizational emotional exhaustion of physical education teachers can directly or indirectly increase their job stress.
2025
14. Evaluation and ranking the lean service components in sports complexes in Kerman province
Journal of Public service marketing (JPSM)
The purpose of the current research was to evaluate and rank the components of lean services in the sports complexes of Kerman province. The current research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population included all the staff of the sports and youth departments of Kerman province, numbering 200 people, and the sampling method was the whole number. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were obtained as 0.793 and 0.908, respectively. Cronbach's alpha, sample t-test, binomial and Friedman statistical methods were used in SPSS27 software, and least squares were used for the structural equation model in SmartPLS4 software. The results evaluated the six components of deregulation, innovation, concentration, differentiation, customer satisfaction and cost with appropriate factor loading and showed the deregulation component in the first rank (3.96) and differentiation (2.21) in the last rank. Also, the results showed that there are lean services in sports complexes with the observed ratio (0.8 out of 1.0) at a significant level (0.05) and regulatory components with the observed ratio (0.8 out of 1.0), differentiation with the ratio (0.7 out of 1.0) and customer satisfaction with the ratio (0.1 out of 1.0) are pure at the significance level (0.05). Also, the concentration components with the observed ratio (0.8 out of 1.0) and cost with the ratio (0.6 out of 1.0) are not pure at the significance level (0.05) and the innovation component with the observed ratio (0.8 out of 1/0) Being pure is not significant. The present research helped to identify the effective factors (strengths and weaknesses) on the pure services of sports complexes, therefore the mentioned brands can use these strengths and weaknesses to improve the quality level of their services.
2025
15. Compilation of a Mixed Model of Social Marketing in the Development of Student Sports: A Qualitative Study Using a Thematic Analysis Approach
Journal of Social Business
The purpose of this research was to develop a mixed model of social marketing for the advancement of student sports using a thematic analysis approach at the Islamic Azad University of Kerman. This study is applied in nature and follows a qualitative methodology, with data collected through fieldwork. The statistical population consisted of professors and experts in student sports development at the Islamic Azad University of Kerman. The sampling method was purposive, and semi-structured interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached (10 interviews).To analyze the data, thematic analysis—a widely used method in qualitative research—was employed using MAXQDA 2020 software. Additionally, a latent thematic analysis approach was applied to uncover deeper meanings within the data.The findings revealed that the social marketing mix consists of 7Ps (Product, Place, Price, Promotion, Process, People, and Physical Evidence) with 22 sub-codes. Among these, the Promotion factor, with its five sub-codes, acts as the primary driver in the development of student sports. Additionally, the Product factor, with seven sub-codes, plays a crucial role following Promotion. Overall, the research findings suggest that the development of student sports requires a comprehensive approach based on the social marketing mix. Therefore, it is recommended that university administrators and senior officials consider the role of social marketing in promoting sports and take significant steps to enhance student participation.
2025
16. Prominent Cultural Examples of Renowned Champions in the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Centuries of Iranian Lands
Archaeology of Iran
The present study aims to describe the prominent cultural examples of champions of the Iranian lands during the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries AH. This research is descriptive-analytical in method and was conducted documentarily, relying on writings found in primary sources and historical books. The statistical population of the study consists of champions from the seventh to the ninth centuries AH, who, in addition to their prowess in wrestling and sports, were distinguished by particular traits that made them exemplary and renowned figures of their time. These champions include: Alishah Bami, Pourya-ye Vali, Fileh Hamadani, Darvish Mohammad, Asad Kermani, Abdolrazagh Beyhaqi, Mohammad Abusaeid, Mohammad Malani, and Mofrad Qalandar. For instance, Asad Kermani was a prominent example of piety, chivalry, and bravery of his era and also led the Sarbedaran uprising and movement. Similarly, Darvish Mohammad, besides being an orphan’s supporter and a pious man, was recognized as a skilled poet and an outstanding orator. The prominent cultural examples of these champions were identified from historical books, and the findings showed that these champions held a mythical status both culturally and in the realm of wrestling and heroism. Each of these champions possessed unique characteristics that made them famous among the people of their time.
2025
17. Prediction of professional ethics of elite women athletes in Kerman province based on personality types
Interdisciplinary Studies in Leisure
The main goal of the current research was to predict the professional ethics of elite women athletes in Kerman province based on personality types. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which is practical from the point of view of the goal, and it was carried out in the field using the distribution of standard questionnaires. The statistical population of the research included all the elite sportswomen of Kerman province in the number of 70 people and the sampling method was full number. The data collection tool included two standard MBTI personality questionnaires (2016) and Eidi et al.'s standard professional ethics questionnaire (2015). To analyze the collected data, Pearson's correlation coefficient test and regression analysis were used in SPSS27 software. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed that there is a significant positive relationship between personality and its dimensions with professional ethics. Also, the personality and its dimensions have a significant positive effect on the professional ethics of elite women athletes in Kerman province, and the regression model explains and predicts approximately 41.2% of the variance of the professional ethics variable. Given the positive and significant impact of personality dimensions on the professional ethics of elite female athletes in Kerman province, it is suggested that educational and developmental programs be designed and implemented to strengthen positive personality traits among athletes. These programs can focus on aspects such as responsibility, honesty, commitment, and other personality traits related to professional ethics, aiming to enhance professional ethics and improve athletic performance, thereby fostering the personal and professional growth of female athletes in Kerman province.
2025
18. Investigating the Challenges and Opportunities of Technology Integration in Iranian Sports Organizations
Information Technology and Sports
The integration of modern technologies into Iranian sports organizations, despite their transformative managerial and economic potential, faces a variety of challenges and opportunities whose comprehensive understanding requires a coherent and evidence-based analysis. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing library research and document analysis, systematically examines scientific findings and strategic documents published between 2013 and 2024. Sources were selected based on criteria such as scientific validity, direct relevance to the topic, and novelty, drawn from domestic and international databases and screened using specialized related keywords. In total, 78 sources including domestic and international works were analyzed. Based on the research’s conceptual framework, the findings were categorized into two axes: opportunities and challenges. Key identified opportunities included enhancing financial and managerial transparency, developing revenue streams through technology, improving athlete health via data analysis, and fostering digital engagement with audiences. Addressing challenges such as weak infrastructures, a shortage of specialized human resources, cultural resistance, and limitations arising from sanctions constituted the core of critical findings. Analyses indicate that the success of technology integration depends on the synergy between infrastructure development, human resource training, and policymaker support for local startups; without balance among these factors, the risk of widening the technology gap among different sectors of the country’s sports will increase. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that targeted support for the production of local technology, enhancing digital literacy among members of sports organizations, and formulating comprehensive policies will provide the foundation for sustainable development and digital transformation in the structure of Iranian sports.
2025
19. Compilation of the Web Page Design Pattern: A Case Study of Private Sports Clubs in Selected Countries
International Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education
Objective: Websites serve as the showcase for sports clubs, and their optimal design attracts users. Combining two evaluation models with a modern approach offers a unique method for presenting an innovative model. The aim of the present study was to develop a framework for designing the web pages of private sports clubs based on the evaluation and comparative analysis of private sports clubs in Iran, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Spain. Methodology: The research method, in terms of its objective, was applied and descriptive-comparative in nature. The statistical population of this study comprised 80 websites of private sports clubs in Iran, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Spain. To identify the websites of private sports clubs, Google Maps and its advanced settings (selecting the location for the keyword search) were used, along with the keyword “private sports club” in the four countries. Website evaluation was conducted based on the ISO9126-1 model in accordance with the IEEE1061 license. In this evaluation, two models-Web Assessment Index and Web-QEM-were employed. The checklist for the first model (Marincas and Vultur, 2007) includes five main criteria: accessibility, navigability, speed, reliability, and content, assessed on a five-point scale ranging from “very unsuitable” (0-20) to “very suitable” (81-100). The second model (Olsina et al., 1999) consists of four main criteria: usability, functionality, reliability, and efficiency, evaluated on a five-point scale from 0 to 1. In this study, various online and offline software tools were used for the analysis of the criteria. Findings: The results showed that the final ranking of the websites according to both the Web-QEM and Web Assessment Index evaluation methods was, respectively, the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany, and Iran. In the Web-QEM method, the websites of the United Kingdom scored 70.6%, Spain 67.15%, Germany 61.3%, and Iran 47.5% out of 100. In the Web Assessment Index method, the websites of the United Kingdom scored 69.55%, Spain 68.85%, Germany 60.25%, and Iran 42.7% out of 1. In both methods, the websites of private sports clubs in the United Kingdom demonstrated the best status, while those in Iran showed the weakest. Conclusion: Managers of private sports clubs should devote the greatest attention to improving the evaluation standards of their clubs’ websites in order to achieve suitable professional success in their business.
2025
20. Analysis of Advertising Effectiveness for Sports Clothing Brands on Instagram Based on the AIDA Model
The Journal of Virtual Space and Social Media Studies
Introduction: The purpose of the research was to analyze the effectiveness of sportswear brands' advertisements on Instagram based on the AIDA model. Methods: The research method was applied from the point of view of the goal and descriptive-analytical from the point of view of nature and method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical sample consisted of 384 users of the Instagram social network of Iranian sportswear brands and the research tool of the Kordluo questionnaire (2009). To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, binomial and Friedman tests were used in SPSS27 software. Results: The results of the sample T-Tech test showed that there is a significant difference between the averages of the research components with a criterion score of 4, and the averages obtained from the criterion score are greater, which means that Instagram social media advertising has been effective. Also, in total, the research variable also has a significant difference with the criterion score at a positive level. This means that Instagram ads have a significant positive effect on the customers of sportswear brands. Advertising through Instagram social media in the components of attracting attention, creating awareness and interest, creating desire and motivation, and making a purchase has been more than 50% effective at a significance level of 0.05, and the most effective is related to the component of making a purchase with 76%. It has been effective. Discussion: Social media Instagram as a new and popular tool in the era of communication and a new and popular channel for transmitting advertising messages have been given much attention. Therefore, it is suggested that sportswear brands focus more in this field and also use big data to investigate and analyze the effectiveness of advertisements in social media while preserving people's privacy and in different dimensions.
2025
21. Identification of Limiting Factors in the Revenue Development of the Kerman Province Football Board with a Social Business Approach
Sport Science Quarterly Jahesh
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the limiting factors in the development of the revenues of the Kerman Province Football Board within the framework of social business. Methods: This research, in terms of purpose, is applied and qualitative in nature, and the data were collected through a field approach. The statistical population consisted of subject matter experts, current and former managers and staff of the Kerman Province Football Board, veterans, coaches, and other specialized individuals related to the topic. Sampling was conducted using the snowball method, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached (12 interviews). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the thematic analysis method with MAXQDA software, version 2024. Results: The findings of the study indicated that the revenue generation barriers of the Kerman Province Football Board include legal barriers (legal challenges and juridical challenges), structural barriers (macro strategy, board policy, and managerial experience), and political barriers (political challenges as a tool of restriction, gaps in laws and regulations, and ambiguities in guidelines). Examining these barriers in the context of social business is of particular importance, since football boards, as institutions with a social mission, play an important role not only in revenue generation but also in value creation and social development. The dependence of boards’ budgets on governmental resources, their non-competitive structure, and the lack of expertise of appointed managers have led to insufficient attention to social business mechanisms and a reduced motivation for sustainable and participatory revenue-generating activities. Conclusions: The results of this research can serve as guidance for relevant officials to, through revising laws and enhancing the social approach in board management, create more favorable conditions for sustainable and impactful revenue generation.
2025
22. Analysis and Ranking of Barriers to the Development of Volleyball in Kerman Province
Journal of Management and Organizational Behavior in Sports
The aim of the research was to analyze the status and rank the obstacles to the development of volleyball in Kerman province. The research method was descriptive-analytical, which is practical from the perspective of the objective, and was carried out in the field using a questionnaire distribution. The statistical population included all volleyball players, coaches, officials and veterans according to the Kerman Province Volleyball Board, approximately 4500 people, of which 351 people were selected as a statistical sample according to the Morgan table, and the available method was used for the sampling method. The data collection tool was the standard 68-question questionnaire of Kaykhosravi et al. (2013). The one-sample t-test and Friedman ranking test in SPSS27 were used to analyze the collected data. The findings showed that the legal prohibition on the entry of government sector managers to invest in professional sports is the most important economic obstacle to the development of volleyball in Kerman province. Lack of attention to popularizing volleyball and focusing on champion sports in the province is the most important management obstacle, and the absence of culture building, advertising, and encouraging people to actively or passively participate in volleyball in the province is the most important human and environmental obstacle, and the lack of local publications and websites dedicated to news and advertising about volleyball is the most important attitudinal and supportive obstacle, and the absence of a dedicated hall for the provincial volleyball board is the most important equipment obstacle for the development of volleyball in Kerman province.
2025
23. Identification of Strategies for Creating a Safe In-School Environment for Sports Activities of Female High School Students in Kerman Province
Research on Women's Sport
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify strategies for creating a safe in-school environment for sports activities among female high school students in Kerman Province. Methodology: The present research employed a qualitative method based on thematic analysis and, in terms of its aim, was of an applied nature. Regarding data collection, it was a survey conducted in the field through interviews. The study population consisted of all 190 female physical education teachers in Kerman Province. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling and the snowball technique, and theoretical saturation was achieved after 29 interviews. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis with MaxQda2024 software. Results: The study found that key environmental factors influencing the safety of sports spaces in girls’ high schools in Kerman Province include field design and dimensions, facilities, ground coverings and equipment, climatic conditions, sports equipment, vehicle and pedestrian movement, boundaries and markings, and ground surfaces. The most important factors, in order of priority, are the design and dimensions of sports fields, followed by facilities, coverings and equipment, climate, sports equipment, traffic management, boundaries and markings, and ground surfaces. Conclusion: Emphasis is placed on creating standard, safe, and well-equipped sports facilities in girls’ schools and increasing participation as well as financial and educational support. The formation of a joint committee for the ongoing review and improvement of sports environments in girls’ schools is also recommended.
2025
25. Designing a conceptual model for the development of sports among university staff
Interdisciplinary Studies in Leisure
The purpose of the present study was to Designing a conceptual model for the development of sports among university staff using a qualitative approach to Thematic Analysis. The research method was qualitative and grounded theory was used. The statistical population included all employees of the Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch with a total of 587 individuals, and the sample consisted of 14 people, selected purposefully, after reaching theoretical saturation. The data collection tool in this study was in-depth semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, the grounded theory qualitative method was employed, and MAXQDA2024 software was used to extract initial concepts. The findings indicated that the factors in developing sports among the employees of the Islamic Azad University of Kerman included causal conditions (facilities and equipment, general conditions of employees), contextual conditions (economic issues, cultural issues, social issues), intervening conditions (employees’ attitudes towards academic sports, senior managers’ attitudes towards academic sports, increasing facilities and equipment), strategies (planning, changing senior managers’ attitudes, employing successful models), and outcomes (improvement in physical and mental health, development of employee sports at the university). Finally, a model for the development of sports among the employees of the Islamic Azad University of Kerman was presented.
2026
26. From the Wrestling Arena to Cultural Policy-Making: An Examination of Cultural Exemplars of Iranian Champions in the 4th to 6th Centuries AH
Strategic Studies on Culture Journal
This study has been undertaken with the purpose of identifying, from the depths of historical records, the cultural examples and manifestations of the champions of Iran during the 4th to 6th centuries AH, and of portraying their virtues and character within the realm of society and the tradition of futuwwa (chivalry). The research, conducted using a descriptive–analytical method and based on authentic texts and original sources of the era, examines the conduct of those champions who were renowned not only in the wrestling arena and on the battlefield, but also for honoring their pledges, assisting widows and orphans, dispensing justice, and safeguarding the Persian language and literature. In addition to depicting this grand cultural heritage, the author seeks to explore the policy-making implications of this legacy for contemporary Iran-including the use of chivalric models in shaping identity-oriented sports policy, linking ethics and futuwwa with art and literature, and strengthening social capital in modern society. The outcome of this research is envisioned as a solid bridge between ancient treasures and contemporary cultural strategies, so that the legacy of chivalry may endure not merely in the pages of history, but in the living reality of today’s Iranians. The statistical population of this study consists of the heroes of these three centuries who, beyond their mastery in martial arts and wrestling, were renowned in their era for unique virtues. These eminent figures include: Sām-ibn Waddān, Abū’l-Abbās the Champion of Ray, Ahmad Khorasani, Alp-Tegin Ghaznavi, Buzurjmehr Nishapuri, Esmaeli-Herati, Yaqmāsālār, Kāvus Ṭūsi, Rokn-al-Din Zorāvar Quhestāni, Bahā-al-Din Sabzevari, Nasrollah Qomi, and Fakhr al-Din Gorgāni. For instance, Ahmad Khorasani, as a steadfast defender of the oppressed and guardian of sworn covenants, stood as a luminous cultural exemplar of the 4th century AH; he safeguarded widows and orphans as precious treasures, and in the arena of battle, ensured the sanctity of innocent blood. Similarly, Fakhr-al-Din Gorgāni, in the 6th century AH, forged a remarkable bond between the wrestling field and literary gatherings, encouraging champions to preserve and honor the Persian tongue and literary heritage. These cultural instances were identified through historical works, and the findings revealed that these men were legendary in wrestling and heroism, each possessing distinctive qualities that made them proverbial figures of their time. The results of this study, in addition to their historical value, have clear implications for contemporary cultural policy-making in Iran and can serve as a basis for designing national strategies in the fields of identity-oriented sport, strengthening social capital, and linking ethics with athletic and artistic activities.
2026
27. Judo Coaches’ Experiences in Promoting Democratic Behaviors: A Phenomenological Study
Journal of Sociology of Lifestyle (SLS)
The present study aimed to examine the lived experiences of judo coaches in Kerman Province in promoting democratic behaviors through a phenomenological approach. The statistical population consisted of all active judo coaches in Kerman Province. A purposive sampling method was employed. First, coaches holding a Level1or Level2coaching license and more than five years of continuous activity were selected (27 individuals);subsequently, interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached, resulting in a total of 13 interviews. All stages of interview analysis were carried out using MaxQDA24 software. The findings indicated that the human rights factor, the equality factor, the social justice factor, the rule of law factor, the members’ governance factor, the freedom of speech factor, and the protesters’ rights factor were classified as seven main factors. Ultimately, these factors serve as fundamental pillars with the capacity to create and strengthen a culture of democracy and expand constructive interactions. Focusing on these components can provide a foundation for formulating effective policies in the sports field. Highlighting these principles reveals the significance of education and awareness-raising in fostering democratic behaviors. By applying these foundations, coaches will be able to create a participatory and justice-oriented environment that paves the way for personal growth and the enhancement of athletes’ social capital.
2026
28. Modern Revenue Generation Models in the Sports Facilities of the Departments of Education
Sports Business Journal
Purpose: This study aimed to construct a grounded, context‑responsive theory of revenue generation in public‑sector sport facilities administered by Iran’s Departments of Education. Although many such venues possess considerable physical and social potential, their operations remain fiscally dependent and administratively rigid. The research therefore sought to explain how managers develop and apply adaptive mechanisms that ensure both financial sustainability and public value.
Methodology: Adopting an interpretivist and inductive design, the research applied the systematic Grounded Theory method of Corbin and Strauss (2008). Sixteen semi‑structured interviews were conducted with key managers and policy experts selected through theoretical sampling until saturation occurred. Data triangulation with institutional documents enhanced credibility. Using MAXQDA 2024, coding proceeded through open, axial, and selective stages to generate the paradigmatic model—IRGSED (Integrated Revenue-Generation System for Education Departments)—comprising causal, contextual, intervening, strategic, and consequential components.
Findings: Results revealed that revenue generation in educational sport facilities arises from a synergistic interaction among infrastructural quality, managerial innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and socio‑cultural adaptation. Within this interaction, financial bureaucracy and limited autonomy act as constraining conditions, whereas digital engagement, partnership expansion, and service diversification operate as adaptive strategies. The consequences include increased financial independence, facility modernization, enhanced service quality, program diversification, and socio‑educational empowerment—forming recursive feedback loops that sustain the central phenomenon.
Originality: The IRGSED model constitutes a substantive grounded theory explaining how public‑education sport systems evolve from budget‑dependent structures into self‑sustaining, community‑oriented enterprises. It innovatively bridges managerial, social, and technological perspectives, demonstrating that adaptive revenue systems can achieve economic efficiency without compromising the social mission of public education.
2026
29. Heroes of Chivalry and the Code of Futuwwat: An Examination of the Cultural Manifestations of Renowned Heroes from the 10th to the 13th Centuries in Iran
Journal of Heroic Literature
The Ayari rituals were a combination of chivalry, morality, mercy, and adherence to the principles explained in the Fatutnamehs. Many of the famous warriors of the 10th to 13th centuries AH were not only champions of the battlefield or in martial sports, but were also considered followers of the Ayari rituals (Fatutnamehs). The present research was conducted with the purpose of describing the cultural examples of Iran's land heroes in the 10th to 13th centuries. From the point of view of the method, the current research is a descriptive-analytical one that was conducted in a documentary method relying on writings in primary sources and historical books. The statistical population of this research was the wrestlers from the 10th to the 13th century, who, apart from wrestling and sports, were the role models of that time in certain characteristics. The findings showed that these wrestlers included: Musa Khamis Garzdinvand, Akbar Khorasani, Seyed Ali, Gholamreza Takhti, Mehraban Tahmoorsizadeh and Heydar Zakari. As an example, the warrior Musa Khamis Garzdinvand was a clear example of that time in supporting the weak and the oppressed, and the world warrior Takhti was famous for his humility, bravery, forgiveness, benevolence, and support for the poor and the needy. The prominent cultural examples of the mentioned wrestlers were identified from historical books and the results showed that the wrestlers had distinctive cultural examples in wrestling and wrestling, and each of the wrestlers had certain unique characteristics that were popular with the people of that time.
2026
30. Empirical Validation of the new Website Design Assessment Model for Digital Physical Activity Platforms Targeting Older Adults in Iran
Journal of Healthy Aging and Exercise
Introduction: The rapid growth of digital technologies over the past decade has transformed the delivery of sport and wellness services. Health and physical activity websites for older adults have increasingly gained importance as tools for education and physical monitoring. Despite the expansion of these platforms in Iran, there is still no localized, data‑driven model for assessing the design quality of sports websites for the elderly. Therefore, the present study was conducted to empirically validate the newly developed Web‑DANM model.
Methods: This research is applied in purpose and descriptive‑analytical in nature, belonging to the category of methodological experimental studies. Data were collected using both offline and online software tools from ten active websites related to sport and health for older adults and analyzed based on the nine‑dimension weighting structure of the Web‑DANM model (including SEO, structure, performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, content, multimedia, and miscellaneous features).
Results: The overall mean score of the websites was 78.9 out of 100, rated as fairly favorable to favorable. The dimensions of reliability (86.36%) and content (82%) received the highest scores, whereas SEO (76.81%) had the lowest. Governmental websites showed stronger technical stability but weaker responsiveness and interactivity compared to private‑sector sites.
Conclusion: The Web‑DANM model, as the third‑generation framework for website design evaluation, represents a localized, data‑driven, and precision‑based approach that eliminates human judgment bias and employs nine weighted dimensions. It provides a reliable tool for standardizing the design quality of sport and health websites for older adults in Iran. The findings can effectively guide policymakers in enhancing user experience and digital accessibility for this population.
2026
31. Documenting the lived experience of wushu instructors in Kerman province in the field of promoting democratic behaviors with a phenomenological approach
Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior
Purpose: The purpose of this research was to document the lived experiences of wushu instructors in Kerman province in promoting democracy-based behavior with a phenomenological approach. Methodology: The current research method was qualitative and phenomenological, which was conducted in the field. The approach used in the phenomenological method in this research was Giorgi's method. The statistical population of this research included all active wushu trainers of Kerman province, numbering 52 people. According to the qualitative research method, the purposeful sampling method was used in this research. First, coaches with 1st and 2nd grade coaching cards and more than 5 years of continuous activity were selected (23 people), then the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, which ended in 11 interviews. All stages of interview analysis were done by MaxQda software. Results: The results showed that human rights factor, equality factor, social justice factor, rule of law factor, members' rule factor, freedom of speech factor and protesters' rights factor are classified as 7 main factors. Conclusion: As core principles, these factors can help promote a culture of democracy and increase positive interactions. These elements serve as fundamental principles that can enhance the culture of democracy and foster positive interactions. Emphasizing these aspects could lay the foundation for effective policymaking in sports. Highlighting the importance of these factors underscores the need for education and awareness to strengthen democratic behaviors in sports environments. By leveraging these principles, coaches can create a participatory and justice-oriented atmosphere that contributes to the individual and social growth of athletes.
2026
32. A Phenomenological Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Karate Coaches: Narratives of Promoting Democratic Behaviors
...
This qualitative study explores how Iranian karate coaches experience and enact democratic behaviors within the structured and hierarchical context of martial arts coaching. Adopting Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological approach, semi‑structured, in‑depth interviews were conducted with sixteen elite and active karate coaches (male and female) from different provinces of Iran. The analysis followed systematic identification, transformation, and synthesis of meaning units to describe the invariant structure of the phenomenon. The findings indicate that coaches experience democratic practice through seven interrelated dimensions: respect for human rights, equality and fairness, social justice, adherence to rules, participatory decision‑making, freedom of expression, and the management of protest and disagreement. These dimensions were expressed through everyday coaching practices such as equal instructional attention, consistent rule enforcement, situational involvement of athletes in decision‑making, and dialogical communication within training settings. A culturally embedded form of respectful interaction (nezākat) emerged as an experiential condition that regulates how democratic behaviors are expressed and maintained in the dojo. Rather than being understood as a formal political or institutional system, democracy was experienced as an ethical and relational process embedded in routine coaching practices and shaped by cultural norms and professional responsibilities. This study contributes empirical insight into how democratic behaviors are lived and enacted in coaching practice within a non‑Western martial arts context.
2026
33. Explaining the Relationship Between Problematic Internet Use and Academic Disorders and Psychosocial Health Indicators Among Undergraduate Physical Education Students: A Correlational Study
Sport, Education, and Mental Health
Objective: The present study aimed to explain the relationship between problematic internet use and academic problems as well as psychosocial health indicators among undergraduate physical education students.
Methods: This study was applied in purpose and descriptive–correlational in design. The statistical population consisted of all undergraduate students of physical education at Kerman Province Universities during the academic year 2025-2026 A sample was selected using a random sampling method. Data were collected using the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire and a questionnaire assessing academic problems and psychosocial health indicators. The validity of the instruments was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis in SPSS software.
Results: The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between problematic internet use and academic problems among students. In addition, problematic internet use showed a significant relationship with psychosocial health indicators, indicating that higher levels of problematic internet use were associated with greater academic, psychological, and social difficulties.
Conclusions: The results suggest that problematic internet use may be considered an important factor influencing students’ academic performance and psychosocial well-being. Therefore, promoting digital literacy, encouraging controlled and purposeful internet use, and implementing preventive educational programs in universities may help reduce the negative consequences of excessive internet use.
2026
34. Designing a Conceptual Model of the Relationship Between Multiple Intelligences and Psychological Characteristics with Performance Outcomes in Sports Organizations
Sport, Education, and Mental Health